戸田 美佳子

感染症は野生大型類人猿の重要な死因の一つと考えられており，また，ヒトとの共通感染症も数多く知られる。したがって，類人猿の感染症の把握は，彼らの保全だけでなく同所的に暮らす地域住民の健康のためにも重要である。私たちは，2019年12月から翌4月に行った広域での自動撮影カメラ調査によって，感染症罹患の可能性があるニシゴリラ (Gorilla gorilla) とチンパンジー (Pan troglodytes) を観察した。約3,400 km²の調査域内の214地点にカメラを設置し，のべ319個体のゴリラと216個体のチンパンジーを撮影した。そのうち，ゴリラ23個体 (7.2%) とチンパンジー7個体 (3.2%) の皮膚に異変を確認した。ゴリラでは，アカンボウ以外のすべての年齢カテゴリで，顔面，前腕，腋窩，下腿などに潰瘍や変形，結節，脱毛，拘縮がある個体が確認された。 一方，チンパンジーでは顔面の丘疹，四肢や臀部の脱毛や麻痺がみられた。一部，外傷の瘢痕の可能性を否定できない個体があるものの，感染症の罹患が強く疑われる個体も多く，それらは深部真菌感染症，水癌 (Noma)，非結核性抗酸菌症，トレポネーマ症 (Yaws) などの発症が示唆された。また，異変のあるゴリラの映像を同地域に住む狩猟採集民バカに見てもらったところ，それはバカ語で「batakomba」という，ヒトも類人猿も罹患する病気である，という回答が得られた。ただし，異変個体の撮影地点は両種ともパッチ状に分布し，村落や農耕区に集中してはいなかったことから，ヒトと類人猿間の頻繁な相互感染は支持されなかった。今後，検体を採取して病名を確定するとともに，類人猿生息域全体でのデータ集約による，感染分布の把握が必要である。

Pygmy populations occupy a vast territory extending west-to-east along the central African belt from the Congo Basin to Lake Victoria. However, their numbers and actual distribution is not known precisely. Here, we undertake this task by using locational data and population sizes for an unprecedented number of known Pygmy camps and settlements (n = 654) in five of the nine countries where currently distributed. With these data we develop spatial distribution models based on the favourability function, which distinguish areas with favourable environmental conditions from those less suitable for Pygmy presence. Highly favourable areas were significantly explained by presence of tropical forests, and by lower human pressure variables. For documented Pygmy settlements, we use the relationship between observed population sizes and predicted favourability values to estimate the total Pygmy population throughout Central Africa. We estimate that around 920,000 Pygmies (over 60% in DRC) is possible within favourable forest areas in Central Africa. We argue that fragmentation of the existing Pygmy populations, alongside pressure from extractive industries and sometimes conflict with conservation areas, endanger their future. There is an urgent need to inform policies that can mitigate against future external threats to these indigenous peoples' culture and lifestyles.

This paper demonstrates "care" in rural society through describing the ethnography of people with physical disabilities living in South-eastern Cameroon. Currently, the term "care" is used in a variety of contexts. In Japan, it has taken on new meaning based on the process of social change that involves leaving family care to society or the government, which is referred to as the "socialization of care". Most studies of "care" focus on the caregiver, while few studies examine the recipients. Some research has indicated that the relationship between recipients and providers of care is some major disparities embodying the power system, and that the recipients of care are socially disadvantaged. Nevertheless, I argue that it is possible to make the transition from recipient of "care" as a disadvantaged member of society to one who proactively accesses society (as demander). In this paper, I reconsider "care" as the activities and relationships involved in meeting the requirements of people with disabilities, together with the customary framework and social composition within which these are assigned and carried out in their communities. First, I provide an overview of how "disability" is recognized in a rural society and then I examine individual experiences of having an incurable illness. Next, I examine how the subsistence activities of individuals fit into the local community, based on its social composition and the lifestyle at the study site. Finally, I clarify how their daily practices are built on connections with their family or members of the community.