田中 雅子

Masako Tanaka is a researcher based within the Faculty of Global Studies at Sophia University in Japan. Her work is focused on ensuring that women are given access to sexual and reproductive health services in Japan. Importantly, part of her studies are focused on migrants and including them in these considerations in a bid to uphold one of the most important aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals: that no one is left behind.

<title>Abstract</title>There is no specific law in Nepal that directly criminalizes sex work. However, many sex workers have experienced arbitrary detention by law-enforcement authorities. The Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007 (HTTCA) criminalizes pimps and clients, but not sex workers directly. However, the Act was overinclusive and often criminalized women engaged in voluntary sex work. The new Criminal (Code) Act 2017 criminalizes advertising and providing facilities for sex work in the section concerning crimes against the public good. These laws are used to prosecute sex workers. Two identity-based associations (IBAs) emphasize the importance of decriminalization, but do not support the legalization of sex work. A licensing system, if introduced under legalization, may exclude the most vulnerable sex workers, including housewives, migrants, and sexual minorities, who are secretly engaged in the business. I conclude that ongoing advocacy of IBAs should seek to provide safe working environments for sex workers in Nepal.

本稿では、滞日ネパール人を対象とした質問紙調査の結果を分析し、来日後に生活の質が向上しなかった人の特徴として、学歴が相対的に低い、来日の情報を日本にいる親族・友人・家族以外から得ている、日本語能力が相対的に低い等をあげた。また、ネパールからの移住者は、民族・カーストなどの出自、在留資格により一様ではなく、その違い故に、同国人相互扶助組織の加入率は極めて低く、若年層では特に関係が希薄になっている点も指摘した。

第2章「非正規教育を通じたエンパワメント－ネパールの人身売買サバイバー団体の活動を例に－」を担当（141-145頁）。人身売買サバイバーの当事者団体が実施する識字教育のフィールド調査をもとに、その内容が2000年頃まで行われていた非正規教育と比較し、受講者のその後の人生にどのように役立っているのかを検証した。

This article discusses the processes and conditions necessary for "inclusive aid," with a special focus on identity-based associations (IBAs) established by socially excluded groups. The study defines inclusive aid as aid that establishes IBAs as core implementing partners of development programs. Inclusive aid enables IBAs to be recognized as civil society organizations (CSOs), and to restore human rights by transforming relationships among IBAs, international non-government organizations (NGOs), and local NGOs. As an example, the paper examines Shakti Samuha in Nepal, the first IBA in the world established by survivors of human trafficking. This organization was selected because it is a model for other IBAs formed by stigmatized women and has become an indispensable actor in Nepal. The article begins with a critical review of the current tendency of development aid to exclude IBAs. Next, it examines prior studies on partnerships and a "rights-based approach", and those on development partnerships, in which IBAs are paired with international NGOs. Based on interviews with members, staff, advisors of Shakti Samuha and its supporters, and staff of partner organizations, the case demonstrates an evolutionary process of inclusive aid that follows five steps: 1) organizing a group of excluded persons; 2) transforming from self-help organizations to IBAs; 3) mutual learning through networking; 4) working with various actors; and 5) changing relationships between rights holders and other actors. The findings will be applicable in countries where partnership styles and the establishment of IBAs are promoted. The study aims to examine the present conditions for successful partnerships with marginalized organizations and other development agencies, and does not deal with social inclusion of marginalized people in general. The scope of this study is limited to partnership issues in the development aid sector.

This article examines the unique roles of NGOs with special attention to the changing socio-political contexts of NGOs in terms of their partnerships with Rights-Holder Organizations (RHOs), which claim the rights of particular groups of excluded population. It reviews an example of the NGO working with RHOs in Nepal. NGO relationships with RHOs are delicate and not always equitable due to their different backgrounds and expertise. NGOs, comprising mostly people who are not members of the rights-holding groups, use their expertise to work for others over fixed periods, whilst RHOs work for their own constituencies through movements. Until the 1990s, NGOs supported so-called 'beneficiaries' who were members of excluded groups whose rights were being denied. Today, RHOs are formed directly by excluded groups. Some NGOs are trying to change their role to become promoters for RHOs, whilst others remain as their proxies, which merely creates an extra layer between RHOs and donors. The article attempts to prove that building equitable relationships between NGOs and RHOs is possible if NGOs have professionalism, expertise in capacity development and a readiness to become more inclusive. Though there are still several challenges ahead, such efforts by NGOs make it possible to change funding flows for RHOs and contribute to inclusive aid. © 2010 International Society for Third-Sector Research and The John's Hopkins University.

An increase of inmigrants has changed compositions of the dwelling patterns of Kathmandu. Its old city core was originally dominated by an ethnic group called Newar—indigenous people of Kathmandu valley. ‘Cultural diversity accommodating people from all over Nepal’ is often naively appreciated as positive character of Kathmandu without closely examining whether the non-Newar tenants really participate in the activities of their host communities with their cultural identities not being denied but respected. This article examines relationships between non-Newar tenants and their host communities. It presents how development agencies should apply the concept of social exclusion in carrying out their activities effectively in urban communities. The present scenario—development by/for Newar owners are not sustainable due to increasing out-migration of Newar. Therefore, it is high time to start inclusive development for all including non-Newar tenants. © 2010, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.