高柳 和雄

Abstract We present the generalized optical theorem and its applications with special emphasis on the roles of bound states. First, we prove the theorem which gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a function $\langle {\boldsymbol {k } }^{\prime } | T | {\boldsymbol {k } } \rangle$ of two variables ${\boldsymbol {k } }^{\prime }$ and ${\boldsymbol {k } }$ to be physically acceptable as a half-on-shell T-matrix, i.e., to have an underlying Hermitian potential V. Secondly, using the theorem, we construct a scattering theory starting from a physically acceptable half-on-shell T-matrix $\langle {\boldsymbol {k } }^{\prime } | T | {\boldsymbol {k } } \rangle$, which in turn introduces a very useful classification scheme of Hermitian potentials. In the end, as an application of our theory, we present the most general solution of the inverse scattering problem with numerical examples.

Atomic nuclei are composed of a certain number of protons Z and neutrons N. A natural question is how large Z and N can be. The study of superheavy elements explores the large Z limit(1,2), and we are still looking for a comprehensive theoretical explanation of the largest possible N for a given Z-the existence limit for the neutron-rich isotopes of a given atomic species, known as the neutron dripline(3). The neutron dripline of oxygen (Z = 8) can be understood theoretically as the result of single nucleons filling single-particle orbits confined by a mean potential, and experiments confirm this interpretation. However, recent experiments on heavier elements are at odds with this description. Here we show that the neutron dripline from fluorine (Z = 9) to magnesium (Z = 12) can be predicted using a mechanism that goes beyond the single-particle picture: as the number of neutrons increases, the nuclear shape assumes an increasingly ellipsoidal deformation, leading to a higher binding energy. The saturation of this effect (when the nucleus cannot be further deformed) yields the neutron dripline: beyond this maximum N, the isotope is unbound and further neutrons 'drip' out when added. Our calculations are based on a recently developed effective nucleon-nucleon interaction(4), for which large-scale eigenvalue problems are solved using configuration-interaction simulations. The results obtained show good agreement with experiments, even for excitation energies of low-lying states, up to the nucleus of magnesium-40 (which has 28 neutrons). The proposed mechanism for the formation of the neutron dripline has the potential to stimulate further thinking in the field towards explaining nucleosynthesis with neutron-rich nuclei.A mechanistic explanation for the origin of the neutron dripline shows that nuclei accommodate the addition of neutrons by becoming increasingly ellipsoidal, up to a maximum number of neutrons, reconciling theory and experiments.