飯島 真里子

This paper aims to reconsider the history of coffee production, based on the examination of the pre-war Japanese immigrants who were involved in coffee production in Brazil, Mexico and Taiwan. Much of recent research on coffee has been focusing on the 'North-South' issue, which stresses the exploitive and confrontational power dynamics between consumers who live in developed countries and producers in developing countries. In this paper, however, by focusing on 'international migration' of Japanese people as well as coffee in the pre-war period, I attempt to shed a light on the aspect of Japanese as coffee 'producers', not 'consumers', and explore the differences in their status and roles at their destinations. In addition, I look at the process of 'border crossing' between inside and outside of the Japanese Empire, which was created by the combined migrations of Japanese people and coffee. Through the examination, I attempt to emphasize the importance of relationships and networks created in the process of transcending various 'borders' when analysing the 'globalization' of the 20th century.

One of the conspicuous new-comer ethnic groups of Japan in recent years is Nikkeijin (Nikkei or descendants of Japanese ancestry) from Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, Indonesia and others. It is estimated that more or less than 400,000 Nikkeijin and their family members are currently residing in Japan. The authors have focused on 'returned' Philippine Nikkeijin (descendants of pre-Pacific War Japanese immigrants to the Philippines), whose population has been rapidly increasing for the last decade. They examined their lives, citizenships and identities based on the analysis of the nationwide questionnaire survey conducted in Japan during the period from December 2008 to March 2009. The results suggest that the number of permanent visa and dual citizenship holders has been increasing. They also found that the number of Yonsei (the fourth generation) workers has increased in parallel with activating of the generation 'upgrading' movement among the Philippine Nikkeijin community. Over 30 % of the respondents answered that their "homeland" is both of Philippines and Japan, and they seemed to have dual identity.日本には現在､40万人前後の外国籍の日系人とその家族が暮らしているが､この中には近隣アジア諸国から｢帰還｣した日系人もいる｡その中でも近年､急増したフィリピン日系人(戦前期フィリピンへの日本人移民の子孫) について､筆者たちは2008年12月から2009年３月にかけて､彼らの生活・市民権・アイデンティティなどを探る質問票配布による全国実態調査を実施した｡その結果､日本での滞在長期化・定住化が進み､永住権や日比の二重国籍の保有者が増加傾向にあることが示唆された｡世界の日系人社会の中でも特異な｢世代格上げ｣が広がり､合法的に就労する４世が増えている実情も判明した｡さらに､フィリピンと日本の両方を｢祖国｣と認識する回答者が３割を超えるなど､ダブル・アイデンティティの持ち主が少なくないこともわかった｡