鈴木 政史

This policy brief explores how developed countries can address the needs of vulnerable groups in their climate mitigation actions, focusing on clean energy policies. To realise the full potential of clean energy, social and economic incentives and support measures must be strengthened and widely implemented. The brief provides the following recommendations to guide policymakers in developed countries to achieve a net zero transition that ensures equal access to clean energy and energy efficiency solutions for all: (i) identify vulnerable energy users through data collection and analysis of socio-economic challenges for net zero emissions; (ii) improve governance mechanisms to harmonise climate change policies with socio-economic policies; (iii) enhance support measures for vulnerable energy users to ensure equal access to clean energy through evidence-based information.

The impact of socio-cultural outlooks on the acceptance of sustainability measures in a low-income context should be complemented by better understanding of socio-economic drivers to bridge the gaps between policy expectation and acceptance in social housing projects. The study attempts to explore the different aspects of well-being in determining the housing satisfaction of the residents of social housing under the slum rehabilitation schemes in Mumbai. Social housing offers considerably improved social and environmental sustainability components compared to slums; however, social acceptability remains low due to their location disadvantages. Using primary data collection from the sample of 298 households in Mumbai, the paper explores the varying levels of their housing satisfaction. The study found that economic opportunity is low in slum rehabilitation, mostly reflected in the job loss of the second earner, exacerbated by the change of work after shifting to social housing. Among other factors, location, accessibility of the building, household size and opportunity for social engagement play the most critical role in deciding the households’ perceived housing satisfaction with social housing compared to slums.

During the last decade, there has been increasing research on Corporate Sustainability, whereby most of such research was undertaken in the Western world. This paper is aimed at analysing the contribution of Japanese Business terms to Corporate Sustainability. The paper analyses, using Grounded Theory, 28 Japanese business terms through a Corporate Sustainability framework based on the four dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, social, and time), the company system (operations and processes, strategy and management, organisational systems, procurement and marketing, and assessment and communication), and stakeholders (internal, interconnecting, and external). The underpinning principles of the Japanese business terms provide complementary approaches to Western views on corporate sustainability by offering a more holistic perspective by linking the company system and its stakeholders to the four dimensions of sustainability. The paper proposes that Corporate Sustainability can learn from Japanese business approaches through: (1) the interaction and alignment of the factory, the firm, and inter-firm network; (2) the relationships between management and employees; (3) the inter-linkages between the company system elements; and (4) how Japanese companies remained competitive, even under the stress of a long-term major economic crisis. However, the analysis indicates that the relationship with external stakeholders and communicating with them through assessment and reporting is lacking in Japanese business management practice. Japanese businesses and their management can also learn from the Corporate Sustainability of the West by: (1) considering the four dimensions of sustainability and how they interact; (2) taking a holistic and systemic approach to Corporate Sustainability; (3) engaging in more Corporate Sustainability research; and (4) making Corporate Sustainability part of a company's culture and activities. Businesses in the East and the West need to recognise that they can both contribute to making the world more sustainable by learning from each other's approaches on Corporate Sustainability and adapting them to their own contexts.

The Paris Agreement signed on December 15 2015 is a landmark consensus in the global efforts to cope with climate change that emphasizes the importance to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 degrees C and even to 1.5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels. In order to achieve this target, it is urgently needed to introduce new approaches for transitions to low fossil carbon societies by promoting opportunities for effective development, diffusion and implementation of new technologies, policies and strategies. This Special Volume focuses upon both domestic and international institutions designed to facilitate improved low fossil carbon technology governance. The articles contained in this Special Volume demonstrate the barriers and opportunities to making the urgently needed changes, develop and test new concepts, structures, policies, and strategies for low fossil carbon technology governance. They indicate that there are various innovative technologies, policies and strategies available to make the drastic changes to low fossil carbon society and it is not too late to put those technologies, policies and strategies in practice to meet the 2 degrees C and 1.5 degrees C targets under the Paris Agreement. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The development of clean energy technologies is a central issue in climate change negotiation. The signatory countries to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change agreed to organize the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network. The objectives of this paper are twofold. The first objective is to show a broad landscape of barriers in technology development. The paper summarizes the results of key case studies that were conducted to uncover technology-specific barriers in technology development. These case studies include both technologies for industrial use such as wind, bio-energy and building energy efficiency and technologies for individual use such as Light Emitting Diodes and photovoltaic panels. The case studies also contain technologies at the innovation stage such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle and Carbon Capture and Storage. The second objective of this paper is to highlight and define roles of international institutions in overcoming identified barriers in clean energy technology development. In this paper four areas of focus for international institutions are discussed, including: 1) increasing R&D cooperation at the innovation stage, 2) facilitation of intellectual property rights, 3) supporting finance, and 4) enhancing the enabling environment at the diffusion stage. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the process of promoting the development of a low carbon society, economic incentive policies play an important role. In order to see the effectiveness of implementing the economic incentive policies, we put forward two questions in this study: How effective are economic incentive policies in the building industry in China and Japan? What are the obstacles preventing these policies from being effectively applied and how to overcome them? Considering the energy consumption in the building industry accounts for a significant proportion in both China and Japan, economic incentive policies for promoting building energy saving in the two countries have been chosen as case studies. Policies discussed in this article are divided into national and city levels, in which the city level policy analysis mainly focused on the active Carbon Trading Programs. Methods of stakeholder investigation and literature review are applied in exploring the economic incentive polices' effects and constraints. Based on the outcomes of our research, policy recommendations for overcoming the barriers of economic incentive policies in the building industry are worked out.

第5部: 地球環境学研究科での研究と活動

This paper addresses key issues to consider in designing international policies and institutions to encourage technology innovation and transfer of clean energy technologies. The first part of the paper presents a conceptual framework so-called Research &amp Development, Demonstration, Deployment, Diffusion, and Commercial maturity, "RDD&amp D chain". The RDD&amp D chain indicates that there are several stages in technological development. The paper recognizes that different policy measures need to be designed for each stage of technological development. At the diffusion stage of technological development, the paper argues that while it is important to provide the private sector with economic incentives through economic policy instruments such as clean development mechanism, it is not enough for clean energy technologies to be successfully installed in the developing countries. It points out that there is a strong need for institutional support for accessing information on technologies and enhancing local capacity to handle such technologies at the diffusion stage. The second part of the paper describes barriers that hamper innovation and transfer of technologies in the developing countries. The paper highlights a lack of the enabling environment in the developing countries as a main barrier in transferring technologies at the diffusion stage. It emphasizes that the institutional support for improving the enabling environment and enhancing capacity of the developing countries is also essential for successful innovation and transfer of technologies at this stage. © 2013 Springer Japan.