Mariko Watanabe

This study focused on the unsteady behavior of fire whirls. A laboratory‐scale fire whirl was generated, and temporal variations in flame height were measured from images taken by a high‐speed camera and subjected to frequency analysis. The flame height fluctuations of the fire whirl also showed intermittent behavior, such as the puffing of a pool flame. However, the period and amplitude were irregular compared to the pool flame. In addition, the fire whirl exhibited a greater amplitude spectrum at higher frequencies than the pool flame. To investigate the velocity distribution in the horizontal plane, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed. The results demonstrated that the mean velocity increased from the outer radial direction toward the inner radial direction, peaked, and decreased. Conversely, the coefficient of velocity variation decreased from the outer to the inner radial direction, exhibited a minimum, and then increased. Finally, the flame was photographed from horizontal and vertical directions under two conditions with different flow velocities from the fan to generate the fire whirl. Image analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between the center position of the flame and the flame height. The results demonstrated that under conditions where the flow velocity from the fan was low, the fire whirl was intermittent and moved following the circular path drawn by the swirling flow, exhibiting unstable behavior. Furthermore, the flame height was lower when the center of the flame was further from the liquid fuel pool.

The numbers of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Nitrospira and Nitrobacter in a municipal wastewater treatment plant were examined for five months using a real-time PCR quantification technique. The numbers of AOB and Nitrospira were in the ranges of 3.8×10¹⁰-2.0×10¹¹ and 4.7×10¹⁰-1.6×10¹¹ cell · l^-1, respectively. Additionally, the fractional percentages against the number of eubacteria were in the ranges of 2.1-7.6 and 2.6-7.0 %, respectively. Nitrobacter was less than 1 % as common as Nitrospira. On the other hand, the maximum ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing rates obtained from aerobic batch tests ranged from 0.08 to 0.41 and from 0.10 to 0.27 mmol-N · l^-1 · hr^-1, respectively. No correlation between cell number and maximum rate was observed. The maximum cell-specific ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing rates were then estimated to be in the range of 0.53-5.6 and 1.2-5.4 fmol-N·cell^-1 · hr^-1, respectively. In other words, even in the same wastewater treatment plant, these maximum cell-specific rates were not unique. To explore the factors controlling the maximum cell-specific ammonia-oxidizing rate, the relationship with in situ ammonia-oxidizing activity per cell was investigated. A fairly good correlation was obtained. The result indicates that the amount of ammonia oxidized per cell controls the maximum cell-specific ammonia-oxidizing rate and is the primary contributor to the variation. Meanwhile, the maximum cell-specific nitrite-oxidizing rate responded to the increase in the maximum cell-specific ammonia-oxidizing rate when the number of Nitrospira was less than that of AOB.

Experimental observations and numerical simulations were conducted on combustion processes of n-decane polydisperse spray entering gaseous flat-flame stabilized in laminar 2D counterflow configuration. The experimental burner restrained the flow from fluctuating to investigate the effects of spray characteristics. Concerning the calculations, for the gaseous phase, we used Eulerian mass, momentum, energy, and species conservation equations. For the disperse phase, all the individual droplets were tracked without using a droplet parcel model. Firstly, we observed blue and luminous flames experimentally and the intensity of these flames changed unsteadily. Secondly, we examined the spray flame structure numerically should the supplied quantity of liquid fuel changed. Both timeaveraged and instantaneous spray flame structures varied depending on the quantities of spray. Furthermore, the instantaneous structures were consistent with the typical flame structures observed by the experiment. Consequently, these results show that the difference of the supplied liquid fuel spray can cause the variation of spray flame structures.