樋口 匡貴

We conducted a systematic review of conference papers in social psychology at two large psychology conferences in Japan: the Japanese Psychological Association and the Japanese Society for Social Psychology. The conference papers were effectively not subjected to peer review; hence, they were suitable for testing if psychologists selectively reported statistically significant findings without pressure from journal editors and reviewers. We investigated the distributions of z-values converted from the p-values reported in the articles presented at the 2013 and 2018 conferences. The z-curve analyses suggest the existence of selective reporting by the authors in 2013. The expected discovery rate (EDR) was much lower than the observed discovery rate (ODR; 7% vs. 76%, respectively), and the 95% confidence interval (CI) did not include the ODR. However, this does not mean that the set of studies completely lacked evidential value. The expected replication rate (ERR) was 31%; this is significantly higher than 5%, which was expected under the null hypothesis of no effect. Changes were observed between 2013 and 2018. The ERR increased (31% to 44%), and the EDR almost doubled (7% to 13%). However, the estimation of the maximum false discovery rate (FDR; 68% in 2013 and 35% in 2018) suggested that a substantial proportion of the reported findings were false positives. Overall, while social psychologists in Japan engaged in selective reporting, this does not mean that the entire field was covered with false positives. In addition, slight signs of improvement were observed in how they reported their findings. Still, the evidential value of the target studies was weak, even in 2018, allowing for no optimism.

<p>This study aimed to identify cognitive appraisals from motivational models and behavioural enaction models that explain variations in the differences between two consecutive stages of change for cervical cancer screening. In the study, 123 female students completed a questionnaire assessing their stage of change and related variables from the theory of planned behavior, prototype willingness model, and health action process approach. Path analysis predicting the difference between the pre-contemplation and contemplation stages showed that the difference was mainly explained by intention to undergo cervical cancer screening, which was explained by injunctive norm, self-efficacy, and prototype similarity. On the other hand, path analysis predicting the difference between the contemplation and action/maintenance stages showed that the difference was mainly explained by action planning, which was explained by intention, and the intention was explained by injunctive norm and prototype similarity. These findings suggest that motivational and behavioural enaction models can explain the differences between two consecutive stages. Additionally, the results suggest the need to consider differences across stages when developing interventions to move people to a higher stage.</p>

<p>We examined the extent to which a beneficiary experiences gratitude toward a benefit, as a function of what another beneficiary has received. In our experiment, participants who are university students read a scenario in which the protagonist received help from his or her classmate for a report. Imagining themselves as the protagonist, participants rated the extent to which they felt grateful. We manipulated what a protagonist's friend underwent (i.e., receiving better help, receiving worse help, or being refused help). In the control condition, no mention of the protagonist's friend was made. Overall, there was no significant difference between the gratitude experienced in various conditions. However, a comparison of the gratitude scores of participants in the lower half of each condition revealed that, the participants who read that the friend was refused help felt more grateful than those in the control condition. This suggests that knowing another person fails to receive helps increases gratitude among those who otherwise feel less gratitude.</p>

We examined the effect of religious priming on a Japanese sample in an anonymous dictator game whereas previous studies on religious priming on prosociality had mainly been conducted within Western contexts. The current study attempted to examine whether religion increases prosocial behaviour in a Japanese sample through the replication of God is Watching You' (Shariff & Norenzayan, 2007) where it was found that participants primed with religion-related words and secular justice-related words behaved more prosocially than participants primed with neutral words in an anonymous dictator game. The current experiment was conducted with Japanese students (n=106) to examine whether the results of the original study could be applied to Japanese people. The results showed that among the three priming conditions (control, religion, secular justice), there was no difference in the amount of money participants allocated to anonymous strangers, although in the secular justice priming condition, theists allocated more money than atheists. The results might be due to the fact that the religious priming words used in the original study did not precisely activate the propositional network of religion that Japanese participants have. More culture-specific studies are necessary to examine how religious priming works for non-Westerners.

原著This study examined whetherproposingshared or unshared information at the beginning of discussion facilitates solving hidden profile problem. 51three-person groups decided which of two candidates in a presented scenario was put up for a sales department.A 2(information: shared/unshared)×2(person: A/B) between-participants design was used.A randomly selected memberstartedthe discussionwith the proposal of shared/unshared information. Also, based ontheinformationthat participantsreceivedprior to the discussion, each participant selected one suitable candidate from the two candidatesbefore the discussion began. The results of Chi-squared tests suggested that there was no difference in the percentage of solving hidden profile problemregaldress of the first information. Rather, the majority preference in the group predicted the result ofthegroup'sdecision making. Theseresultssuggestthat neither shared nor unshared information at the beginning of discussion helpsto solve hidden profileproblembutthat the majority preference in the grouphaslarger influencesthan the impact of the first wordin discussion.本研究は、集団討議での情報共有の失敗をもたらす要因のうち、共有情報バイアスに着目し、集団討議の第一声で共有する情報の共有性の違いが集団意思決定に与える影響を検討した。認知的葛藤が新しい知識の獲得を促進することから、第一声情報が共有情報の場合より、非共有情報の場合の方が集団意思決定の正答率が高いとの仮説を立てた。実験では、隠れたプロファイルを用いて3名集団での集団討議を実施した。その結果、第一声情報の種類の違いと集団意思決定の正答率の間に、有意な連関は見られず、仮説は支持されなかった。しかしながら、集団多数選好と集団意思決定の正答率の間に有意な連関が見られた。このことから、第一声情報の影響よりも集団初期多数選好の影響を強く受けた可能性、および第一声情報の情報価がその後の討議に影響を与える可能性が示唆された。

This study had two purposes: first, we investigated the effects of observer behavior on feeling of embarrassment of an individual, and second, we explained the process of that effect. Participants read a scenario in which they felt embarrassment in front of a friend and the friend responded with one of four types of behavior (helpfulness, avoidance, being humorous, and other-monitoring.) or did not react at all. Participants were then asked to respond to items describing their feeling of embarrassment (Higuchi, 2000) and causal factors of embarrassment (Higuchi, 2001). To examine whether participants' feeling of embarrassment differed, one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison were conducted. These analyses revealed that “avoidance” behavior heightened feeling of embarrassment compared to “helpfulness” or “being humorous” behavior. Moreover, mediation analyses showed three causal factors of embarrassment (apprehension of social evaluation, disruption of social interaction, and loss of self-esteem) could mediate between avoidance behavior and feeling of embarrassment.

This study had two purposes: first, we investigated whether the effect of embarrassed expressions on observer motive varied as a result of the situation that caused the embarrassment, and second, we investigated whether observer motive differed by type of embarrassed facial expression. Participants read scenarios in which a friend was either positively or negatively evaluated by a third person and the friend expressed one of four types of facial expression: three embarrassed and one neutral. Participants were then asked questions that explored their motive to act on behalf of themselves, on behalf of their friend, and to attempt to recover the disrupted social interaction. In order to examine whether the effect of embarrassed expression on observer motive varied according to the situation that resulted in the embarrassment and whether observer motive differed by type of facial expression, two-way ANOVAs, simple main effect analysis, and multiple comparisons were conducted Results revealed that the interactions of situation and facial expression type were significant on all observer motive. Moreover, there were significant differences in each observer motive between types of facial expression when the friend was positively evaluated; however, no such differences were found when the friend was evaluated negatively. These findings suggest that the effect of embarrassed facial expressions on observer motive is differed by the situation that caused the embarrassment, and that the effect of facial expressions on observer motive exist in only under conditions of positive evaluation.

内集団成員による外集団に損害を与える行為について, 自分が直接その行為に関わっていなくても自責の念や申し訳なさを感じることは日常生活の中で経験しうることである。自分自身の行為でなくても感じる罪悪感として, 集合罪悪感がある。本研究では大学生を対象に,日常生活の中で内集団成員が外集団に損害を与えたという状況を用いて集合罪悪感と集団同一性の関連について検討した。集団同一性には集団全体に対する同一性(Whole-group 同一性) と行為集団に対する同一性(Subgroup 同一性)があることが先行研究で指摘されているため,それぞれの同一性を測定した。先行研究と同様に, Whole-group 同一性とSubgroup 同一性が独立して集合罪悪感に影響を及ぼしていることが示された。また先行研究とは異なり,集団同一性から集合罪悪感,個人罪悪感についての影響を正当性認知が媒介するという結果は得られず, 個人の有責性認知が集合罪悪感への影響を媒介するという結果であった。

本研究の目的は、東日本大震災の被災者に対する義援金の拠出を促進する説得技法を開発することであった。独立変数は、ポジティブ共感喚起(あり、なし)、ネガティブ共感喚起(あり、なし)、罪悪感喚起(あり、なし)の3変数であり、2×2×2の実験参加者間計画であった。このほかに、従属変数のみを測定する統制条件を設けた。従属変数として、募金への行動意思と態度、実験的に操作された3種類の感情、集合的防護動機モデルの8つの認知変数を測定した。3つの独立変数は、行動意思と態度に対してほとんど効果を生じさせなかった。しかし、説得の生起過程の分析から、責任認知と実行能力認知と罪悪感が募金への協力行動意思を促進する最も有力な要因であることが示された。

People tend to show some types of interpersonal behavior after feeling gratitude: Reciprocal behavior, expression of apology, expression of thanks, and prosocial behavior. We examined the mechanism of these behaviors in 304 undergraduate students who were presented with three types of situations that produce gratitude: Receiving help, receiving gifts, or imposing on others. We asked participants to rate three types of cognitive appraisals (receiving favor, cost to benefactor, naturalness of the situation), two types of emotional experiences of gratitude (contentment, apologetic emotion), and four types of interpersonal behavior. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that receiving benefit basically facilitated reciprocal behavior, prosocial behavior, and expression of thanks. Furthermore, the cost to the benefactor basically facilitated expression of apology. However, some effects of cognitive appraisal and emotional expression on behaviors differed among the types of situations. In particular, the results for imposing on others were different from the other situations. These results are discussed related to the different characteristics of the types of situations.

The purpose of this study was to classify the situations arousing gratitude. 425 undergraduate students were presented with 10 types of situations that give rise to feelings of gratitude. They recorded scales of the 3 groups of emotional experiences: contentment, apologetic emotion, and unpleasantness. Cluster analysis revealed that situations were clustered into 5 groups: (a) imposing on others: situations that one is indirectly-helped by others, (b) receiving help: situations in which one is helped when in trouble, (c) receiving gifts: situations in which one receive a gift when not in trouble, (d) good condition: situations in which one's surroundings are good for them, (e) knowing about other's distress: situations in which one knows other's bad condition. In addition, results of ANOVAs showed that the strength of emotional experiences differed by the type of situation.

本研究の目的は，Brown and Levinson（1987）のポライトネス理論に立脚し，要求表現の使い分けに及ぼす社会的距離，社会的地位，要求量の影響について検討することであった。本研究では，要求表現の丁寧度と間接度を区別し3要因の影響を検討するとともに，理論の重要な媒介変数であるフェイスに対する脅威度の認知を取り上げ，理論の検討を試みた。265名の大学生に対して場面想定法による実験を行った結果，3要因の認知が高まると丁寧な表現が使用されることが明らかとなったが，3要因の認知は使用される要求表現の間接度には影響を及ぼさないことが示された。また，その影響過程については，Brown and Levinson（1987）の見解とは異なり，社会的距離，社会的地位の認知に関しては直接影響を及ぼす過程も存在することが示された。本研究で得られた結果は，3要因が要求表現の使い分けに影響を及ぼすというBrown and Levinson（1987）の主張の根幹を支持するものであったが，影響を及ぼす次元やその影響過程については理論の妥当性に疑問を投げかけ，再考を促すものであった。<br>