KOTARO KAWAMATA

This paper examines the game theoretic models on international climate change negotiation by comparing the actual negotiation process in Kyoto protocol and post-Kyoto negotiation. It reveals that the model's does not reflect EU's leadership, domestic constrain to countries' negotiation position and ethical issues between developed and developing countries, and importance of people's recognition on benefit from mitigation measures. The paper proposes "matching mechanism" similar to conditional pledges by Australia as effective approaches toward ambitious reduction agreement in climate change.

Effect of land use development in a coastal region on heat island phenomenon is studied numerically by an urban climate model that employs the k-e turbulence model and an eddy diffusivity model for the transport of momentum, temperature and moisture in the Eckman layer together with a heat balance model for the surface boundary layer and the soil layer. Numerical simulations are carried out for a simplified terrain which consists of sea and land. Changes in wind velocity, temperature and heat fluxes are discussed for three types of land use, that is land surfaces are 1) covered by grass, 2) urbanized as residential area and 3) further developed in a coastal region as business center. It is clarified in the urbanized area that decrease of latent heat flux and increase of sensible heat flux at urban surface raise temperature in the daytime. Urban canopy intensifies sensible heat transfer, leading to higher air temperature. Sea breeze is blocked by the increased roughness in urbanized zone, resulting in the reduced cooling effect of sea breeze.

Field observation was carried out around the Turumi river and in the Tama river to estimate their cooling effect on the thermal environment in the surrounding area. The hourly measurement of air temperature distribution revealed that the affected zone by the Turumi river was restricted to the region close to the river course. The infrared thermal image sensor was applied to identify the correlation between the land cover and the surface temperature in the Tama river. It was found that at noon the surface temperature was the highest on revetment works, then pavements, playground and the lowest on grass field.

An energy budget model is developed to quantify the effects of the energy consumption and land cover on the surface air temperature in Tokyo metropolitan area. The model has several factors such as albedo, relative humidity, roughness height, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity which take the values depending on the land use. The distribution and diurnal variation of anthropogenic heat release rate are given based on the limited data available.<BR>The simulated surface air temperature by the present model agrees favorably with the two set of AMeDAS data observed in mid-summer and winter with weak general wind. The analysis of heat transport process for each land use has shown that the air temperature in urban areas increases due to the decrease in humidity, particularly in daytime. It is also shown that the increase of energy consumption enhances the air temperature level through the intensification of turbulent diffusion process.