稲葉 奈々子

The reconstruction of the National Stadium for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo has induced displacement of two groups of vulnerable people, raising concerns of the violation of human rights, particularly the right to adequate housing. The expansion of the stadium led to the expulsion of dozens of homeless people who lived in and around the park surrounding the stadium, and a sudden decision to demolish a nearby public housing estate built for the 1964 Summer Games forced over 200 tenants, most of whom were elderly, to be relocated. While the homeless people engaged in several rounds of negotiation with the government authorities, the majority of the housing tenants reluctantly agreed to move except for a few who kept demanding respectful treatment from the metropolitan government. Presenting the preliminary results of a mixed-method three-year qualitative study, this research note demonstrates that while the authority might have offered alternative housing considered ‘adequate’ in terms of physical living conditions, the process of evictions did not afford autonomy for the affected to choose where to live. The respective status of the affected–homeless and elderly–may demand the reconsideration of the concept of ‘adequate housing’ in relation to human dignity.

新自由主義的な政策に基づく住宅など社会保障の市場化に抗して活動を開始した「DAL (住宅への権利運動)」を中心に, フランスの反グローバリズム運動を分析することが本稿の課題である. 社会保障の市場化は, 社会運動の古いテーマであった再分配の問題をふたたび表舞台に引き出した. 社会保障の市場化によって社会的排除を経験したのは, まず貧困層の移民家族であった. DALの担い手はフランスの旧植民地出身の移民一世が9割以上を占める. DALの運動は, グローバルな規模の構造的不平等を指摘し, 植民地出身者の毀損されたアイデンティティの承認と, 公正な分配を求める運動を連動させて展開する可能性があった. しかし実際には, 新自由主義的な政策が社会の領域をも市場原理で席巻していくことへの異議申し立てとして展開した. 市場経済至上主義に対して「万人にアクセス可能な公共性」を掲げたため, 運動はミドルクラスの支持を得て, 住宅への権利を保障する複数の重要な法律の制定が実現した. そこに植民地主義的な権力関係を問題にするアイデンティティの政治が入る余地はなく, また担い手の移民たちも生活の改善のために勤勉に働く1世で, 「普通の生活」の実現が運動参加の動機であった. 結果として反グローバリズム運動を新自由主義に適合的な行為者が担うという矛盾がみられ, また, 構造的な不平等の是正は実現しなかった.

This article reconsiders the relationship between transnationalism from above and from below, focusing on the consumer behavior of migrant workers. Although transnationalism from below may be regarded as positive resistance to dependence on nation-states and global capital, it also facilitates incorporation into global consumer cultures. This article reports how Bangladeshi return migrants have been enchanted by consumer practices in industrialized countries and have transmitted them into Bangladesh. Return migrants bring consumption habits as well as savings and remittances from industrialized countries. Returnees consequently spread consumer culture to their homelands efficiently, promoting the penetration of global capital and further migration.