Okada Kunihiro

(岡田邦宏)

Profile Information

Affiliation: Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University

Degree: 修士（理学）(電気通信大学)
博士（理学）(電気通信大学)

Researcher number: 90311993
J-GLOBAL ID: 200901030387734206
researchmap Member ID: 1000293762

(Subject of research)
Study of ultracold ion-polar molecule reactions by a Stark velocity selector and a laser-cooling technique
Chemical reaction of laser-excited Ca^+ with H_2O in an ion trap
Study of Coulomb crystals of cold trapped ions in a linear rf multipole ion trap
Development of Liquid-Helium Cooled Linear Ion Trap for Precise Spectroscopy

Major Research Interests

Research Areas

Research History

Jul, 2012 - Sep, 2012

講義等委託教員, 国立大学法人東京工業大学
Apr, 2011 - Mar, 2012

RIKEN
Jan, 2010 - Mar, 2010

Tokyo Metropolitan University
Sep, 2008 - Mar, 2009

Rikkyo University／Saint Paul's University
Sep, 2002 - Mar, 2003

Faculty of Economics, Saitama University

Papers

139

Attractive Force-Induced Isotope Effects through Ring-Polymer Molecular Dynamics Simulations for the Barrierless Reaction between HNCO and H3+ Isotopologues: H3+, H2D+, HD2+, and D3+

Tatsuhiro Murakami, Haruki Ota, Shoto Nakagawa, Kunihiro Okada, Masanori Tachikawa, Toshiyuki Takayanagi

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Feb 23, 2025
Investigation of the Gas-Phase N2+ + CH3CN Reaction at Low Temperatures

Kunihiro Okada, Sho Kawasaki, Kazuhiro Sakimoto, Hans A. Schuessler, Tatsuhiro Murakami, Hinami Ueno, Toshiyuki Takayanagi

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Jan 15, 2025
Kinetics and Ring-Polymer Molecular Dynamics Studies of the H3+ + HNCO → H2 + HNCOH+/H2NCO+ Branching Reaction on a Developed Full-Dimensional Potential Energy Surface

Tatsuhiro Murakami, Shoto Nakagawa, Haruki Ota, Kunihiro Okada, Toshiyuki Takayanagi

ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, Oct 10, 2024
Rotational Cooling Effect on the Rate Constant in the CH3F + Ca+ Reaction at Low Collision Energies

Kunihiro Okada, Kazuhiro Sakimoto, Hans A. Schuessler

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Aug 4, 2022 Peer-reviewedInvited
A study of the translational temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant between CH3CN and Ne+ at low temperatures

Kunihiro Okada, Kazuhiro Sakimoto, Yusuke Takada, Hans A. Schuessler

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 153(12) 124305-1-124305-9, Sep 30, 2020 Peer-reviewed
Direct determination of the energy of the first excited fine structure level in Ba6+

N. Kimura, R. Kodama, K. Suzuki, S. Oishi, M. Wada, K. Okada, N. Ohmae, H. Katori, N. Nakamura

Physical Review A, 100(5) 052508, Nov, 2019 Peer-reviewed
Probing greenhouse gases in turbulent atmosphere by long-range open-path wavelength modulation spectroscopy

Jinbao Xia, Feng Zhu, Sasa Zhang, Alexandre Kolomenskii, Jian Dong, Kunihiro Okada, James Strohaber, Hans. A. Schuessler

Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 117 21-28, Feb 21, 2019 Peer-reviewed
Direct Wavelength Measurement of the Visible M1 Transition in Ba7+ with a Novel Calibration Method

Naoki KIMURA, Ryunosuke KODAMA, Kento SUZUKI, Shimpei OISHI, Michiharu WADA, Kunihiro OKADA, Noriaki OHMAE, Hidetoshi KATORI, Nobuyuki NAKAMURA

Plasma and Fusion Research, 14 1201021-1-1201021-2, Jan 23, 2019 Peer-reviewed
Development of an off-axis electron beam source for cold highly charged ion generation in a linear combined ion trap

N. Kimura, H. Kato, K. Okada, N. Nakamura, N. Ohmae, H. Katori, M. Wada

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 51 19, Sep, 2018 Peer-reviewed

selected to the highlight of the year
First Direct Mass Measurements of Nuclides around Z=100 with a Multireflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrograph

Y. Ito, P. Schury, M. Wada, F. Arai, H. Haba, Y. Hirayama, S. Ishizawa, D. Kaji, S. Kimura, H. Koura, M. Maccormick, H. Miyatake, J. Y. Moon, K. Morimoto, K. Morita, M. Mukai, I. Murray, T. Niwase, K. Okada, A. Ozawa, M. Rosenbusch, A. Takamine, T. Tanaka, Y. X. Watanabe, H. Wollnik, S. Yamaki

Physical Review Letters, 120(15) 152501-1-152501-6, Apr 10, 2018 Peer-reviewed
Visible spectra of highly charged holmium ions observed with a compact electron beam ion trap

Takayuki Nakajima, Kunihiro Okada, Michiharu Wada, Vladimir A. Dzuba, Marianna S. Safronova, Ulyana I. Safronova, Noriaki Ohmae, Hidetoshi Katori, Nobuyuki Nakamura

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, 408 118-121, Oct, 2017 Peer-reviewed
Concept design for cold highly charged ion generation toward time variation detection of fine structure constant α

N. Kimura, K. Okada, N. Nakamura, N. Ohmae, H. Katori, M. Wada

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 50 202, Sep, 2017 Peer-reviewed
Photodissociation of sympathetically crystallized CaH+

Naoki Kimura, Masatoshi Kajita, Kunihiro Okada

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 875(3) 022042-022042, Aug 18, 2017 Peer-reviewed
Development of a wavy Stark velocity filter for studying interstellar chemistry

Kunihiro Okada, Yusuke Takada, Naoki Kimura, Michiharu Wada, Hans A. Schuessler

REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, 88(8) 083106-1-083106-11, Aug, 2017 Peer-reviewed
Solar wind charge exchange in laboratory – Observation of forbidden X-ray transitions

N. Numadate, H. Shimaya, T. Ishida, K. Okada, N. Nakamura, H. Tanuma

Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 408 (2017) 114-117, 408 114-117, May 4, 2017 Peer-reviewed
Exploration of cold ion chemistry using ion Coulomb crystals

Okada Kunihiro

71(10) 695-700, Oct, 2016 Peer-reviewedInvited
Towards high precision measurements of nuclear g-factors for the Be isotopes

A. Takamine, M. Wada, K. Okada, Y. Ito, P. Schury, F. Arai, I. Katayama, K. Imamura, Y. Ichikawa, H. Ueno, H. Wollnik, H. A. Schuessler

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, 376 307-310, Jun, 2016 Peer-reviewed
Characterization of ion Coulomb crystals for fundamental sciences

Kunihiro Okada, Masanari Ichikawa, Michiharu Wada

HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS, 236(1-3) 87-94, Nov, 2015 Peer-reviewed
Characterization of ion Coulomb crystals for fundamental sciences

Kunihiro Okada, Masanari Ichikawa, Michiharu Wada

Hyperfine Interactions, 236(1-3) 87-94, Nov 1, 2015 Peer-reviewed
Quasiequilibrium Characterization of Mixed-Ion Coulomb Crystals

Kunihiro Okada, Masanari Ichikawa, Michiharu Wada, Hans A. Schuessler

PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED, 4(5), Nov, 2015 Peer-reviewed
Parasitic Production of Low-Energy RI-Beam at RIKEN BigRIPS

Tetsu Sonoda, Michiharu Wada, Ichiro Katayama, Hideki Iimura, Mikael Reponen, Naoki Fukuda, Naohito Inabe, Toshiyuki Kubo, Kensuke Kusaka, Hiroshi Suzuki, Hiroyuki Takeda, Masanori Wakasugi, Koichi Yoshida, Takahide Takamatsu, Hideki Tomita, Fumiya Arai, Yuta Ito, Kunihiro Okada, Peter Schury

JPS Conference Proceedings, 6 030122, Jun, 2015 Peer-reviewed
Reaction-rate measurements of cold ion-polar molecule reactions using a combined Stark-velocity-filter ion-trap apparatus

K. Okada, T. Furukawa, T. Takayanagi, H. A. Schuessler, M. Wada

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 47 242-242, Feb 27, 2015 Peer-reviewed
Development of a Kingdon ion trap system for trapping externally injected highly charged ions

Naoki Numadate, Kunihiro Okada, Nobuyuki Nakamura, Hajime Tanuma

REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, 85(10), Oct, 2014 Peer-reviewed
Development of a Kingdon ion trap system for trapping externally injected highly charged ions

Naoki Numadate, Kunihiro Okada, Nobuyuki Nakamura, Hajime Tanuma

Review of Scientific Instruments, 85(10) 103119-103119-6, Oct 1, 2014 Peer-reviewed
Accelerating the averaging rate of atomic ensemble clock stability using atomic phase lock

Nobuyasu Shiga, Michiaki Mizuno, Kohta Kido, Piyaphat Phoonthong, Kunihiro Okada

NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, 16(7) 073029-073029-11, Jul, 2014 Peer-reviewed
Hyperfine Structure Constant of the Neutron Halo Nucleus Be-11(+)

A. Takamine, M. Wada, K. Okada, T. Sonoda, P. Schury, T. Nakamura, Y. Kanai, T. Kubo, I. Katayama, S. Ohtani, H. Wollnik, H. A. Schuessler

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 112(16) 162502-162502-5, Apr, 2014 Peer-reviewed
A multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph for short-lived and super-heavy nuclei

P. Schury, M. Wada, Y. Ito, S.Naimi, T. Sonada, H. Mita, A. Takamine, K. Okada, H. Wollnik, S. Chon, H. Haba, D. Kaji, H. Koura, H. Miyatake, K. Morimoto, K. Morita, A. Ozawa

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 317(PART B) 537-543, Dec, 2013 Peer-reviewed
A novel ion cooling trap for multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph

Y. Ito, P. Schury, M. Wada, S. Naimi, C. Smorra, T. Sonoda, H. Mita, A. Takamine, K. Okada, A. Ozawa, H. Wollnik

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS, 317 544-549, Dec, 2013 Peer-reviewed
Reaction-rate measurements between slow velocity-selected polar molecules and a Ca+ Coulomb crystal

K. Okada, T. Suganuma, T. Furukawa, T. Takayanagi, H. A. Schuessler, M. Wada

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 46 217-217, Oct 31, 2013 Peer-reviewed
First online mass measurement with MRTOF mass spectrograph

Y. Ito, P. Schury, M. Wada, S. Naimi, T. Sonoda, H. Mita, F. Arai, A. Takamine, K. Okada, H. Wollnik, A. Ozawa

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 46 xii-xii, Oct 31, 2013 Peer-reviewed
Single-reference high-precision mass measurement with a multireflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph

Y. Ito, P. Schury, M. Wada, S. Naimi, T. Sonoda, H. Mita, F. Arai, A. Takamine, K. Okada, A. Ozawa, H. Wollnik

Physical Review C - Nuclear Physics, 88(1) 011306-011306-5, Jul 30, 2013 Peer-reviewed
Cold ion-polar-molecule reactions studied with a combined Stark-velocity-filter-ion-trap apparatus

Kunihiro Okada, Takuya Suganuma, Takahiro Furukawa, Toshinobu Takayanagi, Michiharu Wada, Hans A. Schuessler

Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 87(4) 043427-1-043427-14, Apr 26, 2013 Peer-reviewed
An rf-carpet electrospray ion source to provide isobaric mass calibrants for trans-uranium elements

S. Naimi, S. Nakamura, Y. Ito, H. Mita, K. Okada, A. Ozawa, P. Schury, T. Sonoda, A. Takamine, M. Wada, H. Wollnik

International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 337 24-28, Mar 1, 2013 Peer-reviewed
A Stark velocity filter for studying cold polar molecule-molecular ion reactions

T. Suganuma, K. Okada, N. Kimura, K. Shiina, M. Wada, H. A. Schuessler

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 388(PART 10) 102002, Nov, 2012 Peer-reviewed
Development of a resonant laser ionization gas cell for high-energy, short-lived nuclei

T. Sonoda, M. Wada, H. Tomita, C. Sakamoto, T. Takatsuka, T. Furukawa, H. Iimura, Y. Ito, T. Kubo, Y. Matsuo, H. Mita, S. Naimi, S. Nakamura, T. Noto, P. Schury, T. Shinozuka, T. Wakui, H. Miyatake, S. Jeong, H. Ishiyama, Y.X. Watanabe, Y. Hirayama, K. Okada, A. Takamine

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B, 295 1-10, Nov, 2012 Peer-reviewed
Laser-induced reactions between a Ca+ Coulomb crystal and ammonia molecules

N. Kimura, K. Okada, H. A. Schuessler, M. Wada

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 45 178, Sep, 2012 Peer-reviewed
Ionic Coulomb crystal

journal of atomic collision research, 9(3) 10-10, May 15, 2012 Peer-reviewedInvited
Laser-induced reactions between a Ca+ Coulomb crystal and polar molecules

N. Kimura, K. Okada, K. Shiina, T. Suganuma, M. Wada, H. A. Schuessler

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 388(10) 012025, 2012
Stark velocity filter for producing slow polar molecules

T. Suganuma, OKADA KUNIHIRO, T. Takayanagi, S. Ohtani, H. A. Schuessler, M. Wada

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 44 241, Sep, 2011
Sympathetic crystallization of CaH+ in a linear Paul trap

N. Kimura, OKADA KUNIHIRO, T. Takayanagi, S. Ohtani, H. A. Schuessler, M. Wada

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report, 44 xi, Sep, 2011
Sympathetic crystallization of CaH+ produced by a laser-induced reaction

Naoki Kimura, Kunihiro Okada, Toshinobu Takayanagi, Michiharu Wada, Shunsuke Ohtani, Hans A. Schuessler

PHYSICAL REVIEW A, 83(3) 033422, Mar, 2011
21aEA-9 Measuring the reaction of Ca^+ Coulomb crystal molecules and velosity-selected polar molecules using a Stark verbosity selecter

Furukawa T., Suganuma T., Okada K., Wada M., Shuessler H.A.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 66 120-120, 2011
21aEA-10 Laser-induced reactions between a Ca^+ Coulomb crystal and polar molecules

Kimura N., Shiina K., Takayanagi T., Wada M., Schuessler H.A., Okada K.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 66 121-121, 2011
Developments at the SLOWRI facility at RIKEN: Precision optical spectroscopy of ^7,9,10,11Be⁺ ions

Wada M, Takamine A, Sonoda T, Okada K, Schury P

Hyperfine Interactions, 199(1) 269-277, 2011 Peer-reviewed
Precision laser spectroscopy of Be isotopes and prospects for SLOWRI facility at RIKEN

M. Wada, A. Takamine, T. Sonoda, P. Schury, K. Okada

HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS, 196(1-3) 43-51, Feb, 2010 Peer-reviewed
23pBD-5 Charge Radii and Hyperfine Structure Constants Measurement for Be Isotopes

Takamine A., Kubo T., Katayama I., Ohtani S., Wollnik H., Shuessler H. A., Wada M., Okada K., Sonoda T., Schury P., Iimura H., Yamazaki Y., Kanai Y., Kojima T.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 65 64-64, 2010
21aTC-2 Observation of cylindrical crystals of Ca ions in a linear rf hexapole ion trap

Suganuma T., Kimura N., Okada K., Tkayanagi T., Wada M., Schuessler H. A.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 65 176-176, 2010
21aTC-3 Observation of coulomb crystallization of molecular ion from laser-induced reaction

Kimura N., Suganuma T., Okada K., Tkayanagi T., Wada M., Schuessler H. A.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 65 176-176, 2010
23aTC-9 Development of a Stark velocity selector for cold ion-polar molecule collision experiments

Okada K., Kimura N., Suganuma T., Tkayanagi T., Wada M., Schuessler H. A.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 65 211-211, 2010
12aSB-3 Development of Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Spectrograph for Very Short-Lived Nuclei

Schury P., Smorra C., Wada M., Ito Y., Sonoda T., Takamine A., Okada K., Wollnik H., Ozawa A., Nakamura S.

Meeting Abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 65 31-31, 2010

Misc.

29pCH-7 Development of a Kingdon ion trap for the purpose of laboratory observation of the X-ray forbidden transitions caused by solar wind II

Numadate N., Okada K., Nakamura N., Tanuma H.

Meeting abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 69(1) 210-210, Mar 5, 2014
30aCF-8 Cryogenic linear ion trap for production and detection of rotationally cooled CaH^+

Okada K., Nakazato N., Wada M., Schuessler H. A.

Meeting abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 69(1) 218-218, Mar 5, 2014
Development of a Kingdon ion trap for the purpose of laboratory observation of the X-ray forbidden transitions caused by solar wind II

Numadate N., Okada K., Nakamura N., Tanuma H.

Meeting abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 68(2) 165-165, Aug 26, 2013
Cold ion-polar molecule reactions studied with a combined Stark velocity filter-ion trap apparatus III

Ichikawa M., Wada M., Shuessler H.A., Okada K.

Meeting abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 68(2) 166-166, Aug 26, 2013
Development of the Resonant Ionization Laser Ion Source (PALIS) at RIBF-SLOWRI and its application for nuclear laser spectroscopy

Sonoda T., Wada M., Iimura H., Ueno H., Tomita H., Adachi T., Takatsuka T., Wendt K., Kubo T., Wakasugi M., Kusaka K., Maie T., Yamazawa H., Fujinawa M., Katayama I., Arai F., Schury P., Shinozuka T., Wakui T., Matsuo Y., Furukawa T., Miyatake H., Ishiyama H., Imai N., Hirayama Y., Watanabe Y.X., Jeong S., Okada K., Itou Y., Nakao A.

Meeting abstracts of the Physical Society of Japan, 68(2) 58-58, Aug 26, 2013

Books and Other Publications

低温と環境の科学事典「11-14 宇宙低温下の気相反応と分子生成」

岡田邦宏

朝倉書店, Jul 25, 2016 (ISBN: 9784254161281)
量子エレクトロニクス講義ノート

Apr 19, 2012

物質生命理工学科専門科目「量子エレクトロニクス」講義ノート
原子分子科学講義ノート

Apr 18, 2012

理工学部共通Ⅱ群科目「原子分子科学」講義ノート
『An isolated atomic particle at rest in free space : a tribute to Hans Dehmelt, Nobel Laureate』「Probing structure at the femtometer scale」

Okada Kunihiro (Role: Contributor, 34-49)

Oxford : Alpha Science, Jun, 2006 (ISBN: 9781842651612)

Presentations

低速極性分子線とバッファーガス冷却イオンを組合わせた低温イオン-極性分子反応の研究

岡田邦宏, 崎本一博, Hans A. Schuessler

日本物理学会 2022年秋季大会, Sep 15, 2022
冷却多重極線形イオントラップを用いた低温イオン-極性分子反応測定装置の開発II

木村直樹, 岡田邦宏, 崎本一博

日本物理学会 2022年秋季大会, Sep 15, 2022
低エネルギーイオン-極性分子反応における回転温度冷却効果の観測

岡田邦宏

原子衝突学会第47回年会, Sep 8, 2022 Invited
バッファーガス冷却法による低エネルギーイオン極性分子反応の研究

岡田邦宏

冷却分子・精密分光シンポジウム, Aug 26, 2022, 久間晋，宮本祐樹 Invited

近年、冷却分子の物理と化学が新しいステージを迎えており、極低温冷却原子の登場が与えたインパクトに匹敵する分子科学研究の新展開が期待されています。分子および分子イオンの冷却法、高精度光周波数コム分光、超高分解能分光、量子化学計算などの多岐にわたる研究手法がそのベースとなっています。個々の分野で新しい成果が生まれつつある今、重要なのは異分野の研究者間の交流と統合的な議論です。本シンポジウムでは多彩な分野から講演者をお呼びし、冷却分子と精密分光研究の方向性を模索します。
An experimental study of cold ion-polar molecule reactions toward the application to astrochemistry

Kunihiro Okada

Pacifichem 2021, Dec 17, 2021 Invited

Professional Memberships

Major Research Projects

A study of atomic tunneling effect in low-energy ion--polar-molecule reactions

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Apr, 2023 - Mar, 2028
Experimental study of gas phase chemical reaction by advanced beam technologies

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Nov, 2020 - Mar, 2025
New development for studying cold ion chemistry in interstellar molecular coulds

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Apr, 2018 - Mar, 2023

Okada Kunihiro
Systematic study of cold ion-polar molecule reactions for interstellar chemistry

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Apr, 2015 - Mar, 2019

Okada Kunihiro
Measurements of rovibrational constants of CaH+ for studying possible time variation of electron-proton mass ratio

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Apr, 2015 - Mar, 2018

Okada Kunihiro
Observation of X-ray forbidden transition from solar wind in laboratory

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Apr, 2011 - Mar, 2015

TANUMA HAJIME, NAKAMURA Nobuyuki, OKADA Kunihiro, ISHISAKI Yoshitaka, OHASI Takaya, MITSUDA Kazuhisa, EZOE Yuichiro
冷却多重極線形イオントラップとレーザー冷却法による星間空間イオン分子反応の研究

松尾学術研究助成金, 松尾学術財団, Apr, 2004 - Mar, 2005

Other

（教育実績）学生実験課題の企画・実施

Apr, 2006

理工学部物理学科3年生を対象とした学生実験に新たに課題「イオントラップ」を企画し、実施している。本課題では、物理実験を行う上で重要な"装置の製作・組立"、"計測装置の設置・配線"、"測定"及び"データ解析"といった一連の作法を経験できるように内容を工夫した。また、コンピュータシミュレーションを取り入れることによって、計算機を使った模擬実験を体験させることができ，また，実験内容の理解を深めることが出来るように配
（教育実績）授業運営の工夫

Apr, 2003 - Mar, 2005

理工学部物理学科2年生を対象とした「基礎物理演習II」及び「基礎物理演習IV」における授業では、事前に配布した演習問題を小テスト形式で解答させることによって、学生に緊張感を持たせた状態で演習問題に取り組めるように工夫した。またホームページに過去の演習問題の履歴と詳細な解答を公開することにより、授業後でも学生が復習できるように工夫した。
（免許・資格）第1種普通自動車運転免許

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